![]() ![]() Why is that? Why does it take so much energy to turn it into a gas? That's because all the other water molecules start trying to cohere trying to stick to the water molecule that's going away pulling it back kind of like molecular Velcro. For example, water is extremely hard to get it to boil. Now you may have studied water in Chemistry and learned about all of its wonderful properties most of which are due to hydrogen bonding. Because this influences tons of things especially water. This is extremely important in many ways cause you, you may think of this as big whooptidu but it's actually a very big whooptidu in Biology. Similarly, this water molecule over here, its hydrogen is going, hey, "you're sort of attractive" and so we have our weak hydrogen bond there. You form this weak attraction between these two molecules. So, what happens is that as this water molecule is floating around, this water molecule over here, this is slightly positive, slightly negative and slightly attracted. Now how this comes into play is here's another water molecule, this sort of positive, this is sort of positive this is two sort of negatives, this is sort of positive, this is sort of positive, this is two whoop slightly negatives. So slightly positive, slightly positive, wait a second this is slightly negative but I know that water is a neutral atom, or a neutral molecule, so it's got to be, yes you guessed it, two slightly negatives, alright? So here's my partially positive hydrogen or sort of or slightly positive hydrogen. I've always thought of it as kind of this weirdly twisted S, so I just think sort of. So they use the Greek letter delta delta to represent this slightly. Now scientists don't like writing stuff that means it's easy to understand. If it's slightly negative that means this hydrogen here is slightly positive. That makes this oxygen slightly negative. So what that means is that these negative electrons tend to spend a little bit more time around the oxygen than around the hydrogen. They are essentially having only visitational rights on the weekend as opposed to equal co-rights. So these electrons spend most of their time orbiting around the oxygen, very little time orbiting around the hydrogen. So it tends to pull the electrons much closer to it and further away from the hydrogen which is too weak to hold on to these electrons very well. Oxygen on the other hand is electro negative strong one. The two electrons here that form this bond are shared equally between the carbon and the hydrogen, same over here. It has roughly the same electro negativity as the hydrogens that are bound to it, indicated by these black lines because as roughly the same electro negativity. Now carbon here I see a methane molecule CH4. ![]() In short electro negativity is essentially how strongly does that atom pull on its electrons. Now how does this work? Well, it's all based on this quality that atoms have called electro negativity. You may not really get that cause you know what ionic and covalent bonds are but how does that fit into this? Hydrogen bonds are a weird category of bonds all kind of by themselves because unlike ionic or covalent bonds which hold individual atoms together to form molecules, hydrogen bonds are typically weak attractions between two different molecules that hold those two different molecules close to each other. Well you may have read in textbooks this kind of definition for hydrogen bonds that the weak attractions between partially positive hydrogens and partially negative oxygens or nitrogens.
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